abstract：:Intracellular pathogens must withstand nitric oxide (NO.) generated by host phagocytes. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium interferes with intracellular trafficking of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and possesses multiple systems to detoxify NO.. Consequently, the level of NO. stress encountered by S. Typ...

journal_title：PLoS pathogens

authors： Richardson AR,Soliven KC,Castor ME,Barnes PD,Libby SJ,Fang FC

更新日期：2009-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The recent origin and great evolutionary potential of HIV imply that the virulence of the virus might still be changing, which could greatly affect the future of the pandemic. However, previous studies of time trends of HIV virulence have yielded conflicting results. Here we used an established methodology to assess t...

journal_title：PLoS pathogens

authors： Müller V,Maggiolo F,Suter F,Ladisa N,De Luca A,Antinori A,Sighinolfi L,Quiros-Roldan E,Carosi G,Torti C

更新日期：2009-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Tetherin, also known as BST2, CD317 or HM1.24, was recently identified as an interferon-inducible host-cell factor that interferes with the detachment of virus particles from infected cells. HIV-1 overcomes this restriction by expressing an accessory protein, Vpu, which counteracts tetherin. Since lentiviruses of the ...

journal_title：PLoS pathogens

authors： Jia B,Serra-Moreno R,Neidermyer W,Rahmberg A,Mackey J,Fofana IB,Johnson WE,Westmoreland S,Evans DT

更新日期：2009-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Experimental visceral leishmaniasis (VL) represents an exquisite model to study CD8(+) T cell responses in a context of chronic inflammation and antigen persistence, since it is characterized by chronic infection in the spleen and CD8(+) T cells are required for the development of protective immunity. However, antigen...

journal_title：PLoS pathogens

authors： Joshi T,Rodriguez S,Perovic V,Cockburn IA,Stäger S

更新日期：2009-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The ability of pathogens to escape the host's immune response is crucial for the establishment of persistent infections and can influence virulence. Recombination has been observed to contribute to this process by generating novel genetic variants. Although distinctive recombination patterns have been described in man...

journal_title：PLoS pathogens

authors： Simon-Loriere E,Galetto R,Hamoudi M,Archer J,Lefeuvre P,Martin DP,Robertson DL,Negroni M

更新日期：2009-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The hemolytic phospholipase C (PlcHR) expressed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the original member of a Phosphoesterase Superfamily, which includes phosphorylcholine-specific phospholipases C (PC-PLC) produced by frank and opportunistic pathogens. PlcHR, but not all its family members, is also a potent sphingomyelinase ...

journal_title：PLoS pathogens

authors： Vasil ML,Stonehouse MJ,Vasil AI,Wadsworth SJ,Goldfine H,Bolcome RE 3rd,Chan J

更新日期：2009-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Streptococcus agalactiae is a common human commensal and a major life-threatening pathogen in neonates. Adherence to host epithelial cells is the first critical step of the infectious process. Pili have been observed on the surface of several gram-positive bacteria including S. agalactiae. We previously characterized ...

journal_title：PLoS pathogens

authors： Konto-Ghiorghi Y,Mairey E,Mallet A,Duménil G,Caliot E,Trieu-Cuot P,Dramsi S

更新日期：2009-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The role of CD8 T cells in anti-tuberculosis immunity in humans remains unknown, and studies of CD8 T cell-mediated protection against tuberculosis in mice have yielded controversial results. Unlike mice, humans and nonhuman primates share a number of important features of the immune system that relate directly to the...

journal_title：PLoS pathogens

authors： Chen CY,Huang D,Wang RC,Shen L,Zeng G,Yao S,Shen Y,Halliday L,Fortman J,McAllister M,Estep J,Hunt R,Vasconcelos D,Du G,Porcelli SA,Larsen MH,Jacobs WR Jr,Haynes BF,Letvin NL,Chen ZW

更新日期：2009-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In HPV-related cancers, the "high-risk" human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are frequently found integrated into the cellular genome. The integrated subgenomic HPV fragments express viral oncoproteins and carry an origin of DNA replication that is capable of initiating bidirectional DNA re-replication in the presence of HPV...

journal_title：PLoS pathogens

authors： Kadaja M,Isok-Paas H,Laos T,Ustav E,Ustav M

更新日期：2009-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The type III secretion system is an essential component for virulence in many Gram-negative bacteria. Though components of the secretion system apparatus are conserved, its substrates--effector proteins--are not. We have used a novel computational approach to confidently identify new secreted effectors by integrating ...

journal_title：PLoS pathogens

authors： Samudrala R,Heffron F,McDermott JE

更新日期：2009-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands are being considered as adjuvants for the induction of antigen-specific immune responses, as in the design of vaccines. Polyriboinosinic-polyribocytoidylic acid (poly I:C), a synthetic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), is recognized by TLR3 and other intracellular receptors. Poly ICLC is a ...

journal_title：PLoS pathogens

authors： Stahl-Hennig C,Eisenblätter M,Jasny E,Rzehak T,Tenner-Racz K,Trumpfheller C,Salazar AM,Uberla K,Nieto K,Kleinschmidt J,Schulte R,Gissmann L,Müller M,Sacher A,Racz P,Steinman RM,Uguccioni M,Ignatius R

更新日期：2009-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In inflammation, pain is regulated by a balance of pro- and analgesic mediators. Analgesic mediators include opioid peptides which are secreted by neutrophils at the site of inflammation, leading to activation of opioid receptors on peripheral sensory neurons. In humans, local opioids and opioid peptides significantly...

journal_title：PLoS pathogens

authors： Rittner HL,Hackel D,Voigt P,Mousa S,Stolz A,Labuz D,Schäfer M,Schaefer M,Stein C,Brack A

更新日期：2009-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Open reading frame (ORF) 45 of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a tegument protein. A genetic analysis with a null mutant suggested a possible role for this protein in the events leading to viral egress. In this study, ORF45 was found to interact with KIF3A, a kinesin-2 motor protein that transports c...

journal_title：PLoS pathogens

authors： Sathish N,Zhu FX,Yuan Y

更新日期：2009-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The human parvovirus Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) type 2 can only replicate in cells co-infected with a helper virus, such as Adenovirus or Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 (HSV-1); whereas, in the absence of a helper virus, it establishes a latent infection. Previous studies demonstrated that the ternary HSV-1 helicase/pr...

journal_title：PLoS pathogens

authors： Alazard-Dany N,Nicolas A,Ploquin A,Strasser R,Greco A,Epstein AL,Fraefel C,Salvetti A

更新日期：2009-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The continued evolution of bacterial pathogens has major implications for both human and animal disease, but the exchange of genetic material between host-restricted pathogens is rarely considered. Streptococcus equi subspecies equi (S. equi) is a host-restricted pathogen of horses that has evolved from the zoonotic p...

journal_title：PLoS pathogens

authors： Holden MT,Heather Z,Paillot R,Steward KF,Webb K,Ainslie F,Jourdan T,Bason NC,Holroyd NE,Mungall K,Quail MA,Sanders M,Simmonds M,Willey D,Brooks K,Aanensen DM,Spratt BG,Jolley KA,Maiden MC,Kehoe M,Chanter N,Bentl

更新日期：2009-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The mechanism controlling the exit from herpes simplex virus latency (HSV) is of central importance to recurrent disease and transmission of infection, yet interactions between host and viral functions that govern this process remain unclear. The cascade of HSV gene transcription is initiated by the multifunctional vi...

journal_title：PLoS pathogens

authors： Thompson RL,Preston CM,Sawtell NM

更新日期：2009-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase R (PKR) is a key regulator of the innate immune response. Activation of PKR during viral infection culminates in phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eIF2alpha) to inhibit protein translation. A broad range of regulator...

journal_title：PLoS pathogens

authors： Sadler AJ,Latchoumanin O,Hawkes D,Mak J,Williams BR

更新日期：2009-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) (genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae) is a negative-stranded RNA virus with a tripartite genome. RVFV is transmitted by mosquitoes and causes fever and severe hemorrhagic illness among humans, and fever and high rates of abortions in livestock. A nonstructural RVFV NSs protein inhibit...

journal_title：PLoS pathogens

authors： Ikegami T,Narayanan K,Won S,Kamitani W,Peters CJ,Makino S

更新日期：2009-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Chronic immune activation and progression to AIDS are observed after SIV infection in macaques but not in natural host primate species. To better understand this dichotomy, we compared acute pathogenic SIV infection in pigtailed macaques (PTs) to non-pathogenic infection in African green monkeys (AGMs). SIVagm-infecte...

journal_title：PLoS pathogens

authors： Favre D,Lederer S,Kanwar B,Ma ZM,Proll S,Kasakow Z,Mold J,Swainson L,Barbour JD,Baskin CR,Palermo R,Pandrea I,Miller CJ,Katze MG,McCune JM

更新日期：2009-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The cytidine deaminases APOBEC3G and APOBEC3F exert anti-HIV-1 activity that is countered by the HIV-1 vif protein. Based on potential transcription factor binding sites in their putative promoters, we hypothesized that expression of APOBEC3G and APOBEC3F would vary with T helper lymphocyte differentiation. Naive CD4+...

journal_title：PLoS pathogens

authors： Vetter ML,Johnson ME,Antons AK,Unutmaz D,D'Aquila RT

更新日期：2009-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Plant microRNAs (miRNA) guide cleavage of target mRNAs by DICER-like proteins, thereby reducing mRNA abundance. Native precursor miRNAs can be redesigned to target RNAs of interest, and one application of such artificial microRNA (amiRNA) technology is to generate plants resistant to pathogenic viruses. Transgenic Ara...

journal_title：PLoS pathogens

authors： Lin SS,Wu HW,Elena SF,Chen KC,Niu QW,Yeh SD,Chen CC,Chua NH

更新日期：2009-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Despite considerable research efforts, little is yet known about key epidemiological parameters of H5N1 highly pathogenic influenza viruses in their avian hosts. Here we show how these parameters can be estimated using a limited number of birds in experimental transmission studies. Our quantitative estimates, based on...

journal_title：PLoS pathogens

authors： Bouma A,Claassen I,Natih K,Klinkenberg D,Donnelly CA,Koch G,van Boven M

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Since 2003, more than 380 cases of H5N1 influenza virus infection of humans have been reported. Although the resultant disease in these cases was often severe or fatal, transmission of avian influenza viruses between humans is rare. The precise nature of the barrier blocking human-to-human spread is unknown. It is cle...

journal_title：PLoS pathogens

authors： Steel J,Lowen AC,Mubareka S,Palese P

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Candida albicans, a clinically important dimorphic fungal pathogen that can evade immune attack by masking its cell wall beta-glucan from immune recognition, mutes protective host responses mediated by the Dectin-1 beta-glucan receptor on innate immune cells. Although the ability of C. albicans to switch between a yea...

journal_title：PLoS pathogens

authors： Wheeler RT,Kombe D,Agarwala SD,Fink GR

更新日期：2008-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Poxviruses subvert the host immune response by producing immunomodulatory proteins, including a complement regulatory protein. Ectromelia virus provides a mouse model for smallpox where the virus and the host's immune response have co-evolved. Using this model, our study investigated the role of the complement system ...

journal_title：PLoS pathogens

authors： Moulton EA,Atkinson JP,Buller RM

更新日期：2008-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The matrix (M) proteins of rhabdoviruses are multifunctional proteins essential for virus maturation and budding that also regulate the expression of viral and host proteins. We have solved the structures of M from the vesicular stomatitis virus serotype New Jersey (genus: Vesiculovirus) and from Lagos bat virus (genu...

journal_title：PLoS pathogens

authors： Graham SC,Assenberg R,Delmas O,Verma A,Gholami A,Talbi C,Owens RJ,Stuart DI,Grimes JM,Bourhy H

更新日期：2008-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Dengue virus (DENV) is an enveloped RNA virus that causes the most common arthropod-borne infection worldwide. The mechanism by which DENV infects the host cell remains unclear. In this work, we used live-cell imaging and single-virus tracking to investigate the cell entry, endocytic trafficking, and fusion behavior o...

journal_title：PLoS pathogens

authors： van der Schaar HM,Rust MJ,Chen C,van der Ende-Metselaar H,Wilschut J,Zhuang X,Smit JM

更新日期：2008-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Mitochondrial processing peptidases are heterodimeric enzymes (alpha/betaMPP) that play an essential role in mitochondrial biogenesis by recognizing and cleaving the targeting presequences of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial proteins. The two subunits are paralogues that probably evolved by duplication of a gene for a mo...

journal_title：PLoS pathogens

authors： Smíd O,Matusková A,Harris SR,Kucera T,Novotný M,Horváthová L,Hrdý I,Kutejová E,Hirt RP,Embley TM,Janata J,Tachezy J

更新日期：2008-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Over the past 30 years, Zaire and Sudan ebolaviruses have been responsible for large hemorrhagic fever (HF) outbreaks with case fatalities ranging from 53% to 90%, while a third species, Côte d'Ivoire ebolavirus, caused a single non-fatal HF case. In November 2007, HF cases were reported in Bundibugyo District, Wester...

journal_title：PLoS pathogens

authors： Towner JS,Sealy TK,Khristova ML,Albariño CG,Conlan S,Reeder SA,Quan PL,Lipkin WI,Downing R,Tappero JW,Okware S,Lutwama J,Bakamutumaho B,Kayiwa J,Comer JA,Rollin PE,Ksiazek TG,Nichol ST

更新日期：2008-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Shigella flexneri has evolved the ability to modify host cell function with intracellular active effectors to overcome the intestinal barrier. The detection of these microbial effectors and the initiation of innate immune responses are critical for rapid mucosal defense activation. The guanine nucleotide exchange fact...

journal_title：PLoS pathogens

authors： Fukazawa A,Alonso C,Kurachi K,Gupta S,Lesser CF,McCormick BA,Reinecker HC

更新日期：2008-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Phylogenetic analyses have provided strong evidence that amino acid changes in spike (S) protein of animal and human SARS coronaviruses (SARS-CoVs) during and between two zoonotic transfers (2002/03 and 2003/04) are the result of positive selection. While several studies support that some amino acid changes between an...

journal_title：PLoS pathogens

authors： Sui J,Aird DR,Tamin A,Murakami A,Yan M,Yammanuru A,Jing H,Kan B,Liu X,Zhu Q,Yuan QA,Adams GP,Bellini WJ,Xu J,Anderson LJ,Marasco WA

更新日期：2008-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, is an obligate parasite that causes significant damage to a broad range of host plants. Infection is associated with secretion of proteins surrounded by proliferating cells. Many parasites are known to secrete effectors that interfere with plant innate immunity, enabling ...

journal_title：PLoS pathogens

authors： Bellafiore S,Shen Z,Rosso MN,Abad P,Shih P,Briggs SP

更新日期：2008-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Transmission of Helicobacter pylori is thought to occur mainly during childhood, and predominantly within families. However, due to the difficulty of obtaining H. pylori isolates from large population samples and to the extensive genetic diversity between isolates, the transmission and spread of H. pylori remain poorl...

journal_title：PLoS pathogens

authors： Schwarz S,Morelli G,Kusecek B,Manica A,Balloux F,Owen RJ,Graham DY,van der Merwe S,Achtman M,Suerbaum S

更新日期：2008-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Some pathogens have evolved mechanisms to overcome host immune defenses by inhibiting host defense signaling pathways and suppressing the expression of host defense effectors. We present evidence that Pseudomonas aeruginosa is able to suppress the expression of a subset of immune defense genes in the animal host Caeno...

journal_title：PLoS pathogens

authors： Evans EA,Kawli T,Tan MW

更新日期：2008-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) genome encodes a G protein-coupled receptor (vGPCR). vGPCR is a ligand-independent, constitutively active signaling molecule that promotes cell growth and proliferation; however, it is not clear how vGPCR is negatively regulated. We report here that the KSHV K7 small ...

journal_title：PLoS pathogens

authors： Feng H,Dong X,Negaard A,Feng P

更新日期：2008-09-19 00:00:00

abstract：:Streptolysin S (SLS) is a bacteriocin-like haemolytic and cytotoxic virulence factor that plays a key role in the virulence of Group A Streptococcus (GAS), the causative agent of pharyngitis, impetigo, necrotizing fasciitis and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. Although it has long been thought that SLS and related ...

journal_title：PLoS pathogens

authors： Cotter PD,Draper LA,Lawton EM,Daly KM,Groeger DS,Casey PG,Ross RP,Hill C

更新日期：2008-09-12 00:00:00

abstract：:The phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K) pathway regulates diverse cellular activities related to cell growth, migration, survival, and vesicular trafficking. It is known that Ebola virus requires endocytosis to establish an infection. However, the cellular signals that mediate this uptake were unknown for Ebola virus as ...

journal_title：PLoS pathogens

authors： Saeed MF,Kolokoltsov AA,Freiberg AN,Holbrook MR,Davey RA

更新日期：2008-08-29 00:00:00

abstract：:Insects rely primarily on innate immune responses to fight pathogens. In Drosophila, antimicrobial peptides are key contributors to host defense. Antimicrobial peptide gene expression is regulated by the IMD and Toll pathways. Bacterial peptidoglycans trigger these pathways, through recognition by peptidoglycan recogn...

journal_title：PLoS pathogens

authors： Aggarwal K,Rus F,Vriesema-Magnuson C,Ertürk-Hasdemir D,Paquette N,Silverman N

更新日期：2008-08-08 00:00:00

abstract：:The bank vole is a rodent susceptible to different prion strains from humans and various animal species. We analyzed the transmission features of different prions in a panel of seven rodent species which showed various degrees of phylogenetic affinity and specific prion protein (PrP) sequence divergences in order to i...

journal_title：PLoS pathogens

authors： Agrimi U,Nonno R,Dell'Omo G,Di Bari MA,Conte M,Chiappini B,Esposito E,Di Guardo G,Windl O,Vaccari G,Lipp HP

更新日期：2008-07-25 00:00:00

abstract：:The ubiquitin-like modifier ISG15 is one of the most predominant proteins induced by type I interferons (IFN). In this study, murine embryo fibroblast (MEFs) and mice lacking the gene were used to demonstrate a novel role of ISG15 as a host defense molecule against vaccinia virus (VACV) infection. In MEFs, the growth ...

journal_title：PLoS pathogens

authors： Guerra S,Cáceres A,Knobeloch KP,Horak I,Esteban M

更新日期：2008-07-04 00:00:00